This is a partial list of some of the leading Muslims. Major Muslim contributions continued beyond the fifteenth century. Contributions of more than one hundred other major Muslim personalities can be found in several famouspublications by Western historians. Biographies are available in the Islamic Civilization E-book. | ||
|---|---|---|
Jabir Ibn Haiyan (Geber) | Chemistry (Father of Chemistry) | Died 803 C.E. |
Al-Asmai | Zoology, Botany, Animal Husbandry. | 740 - 828 |
Al-Khwarizmi (Algorizm) | Mathematics, Astronomy, Geography. (Algorithm, Algebra, calculus) | 770 - 840 |
'Amr ibn Bahr Al-Jahiz | Zoology, Arabic Grammar, Rhetoric, Lexicography | 776 - 868 |
Ibn Ishaq Al-Kindi (Alkindus) | Philosophy, Physics, Optics, Medicine, Mathematics, Metallurgy. | 800 - 873 |
Thabit Ibn Qurrah (Thebit) | Astronomy, Mechanics, Geometry, Anatomy. | 836 - 901 |
'Abbas Ibn Firnas | Mechanics of Flight, Planetarium, Artificial Crystals. | Died 888 |
Ali Ibn Rabban Al-Tabari | Medicine, Mathematics, Caligraphy, Literature. | 838 - 870 |
Al-Battani (Albategnius) | Astronomy, mathematics, Trigonometry. | 858 - 929 |
Al-Farghani (Al-Fraganus) | Astronomy, Civil Engineering. | C. 860 |
Al-Razi (Rhazes) | Medicine, Ophthalmology, Smallpox, Chemistry, Astronomy. | 864 - 930 |
Al-Farabi (Al-Pharabius) | Sociology, Logic, Philosophy, Political Science, Music. | 870 - 950 |
Abul Hasan Ali Al-Masu'di | Geography, History. | Died 957 |
Al-Sufi (Azophi) | Astronomy | 903 - 986 |
Abu Al-Qasim Al-Zahravi (Albucasis) | Surgery, Medicine. (Father of Modern Surgery) | 936 - 1013 |
Muhammad Al-Buzjani | Mathematics, Astronomy, Geometry, Trigonometry. | 940 - 997 |
Ibn Al-Haitham (Alhazen) | Physics, Optics, Mathematics. | 965 - 1040 |
Al-Mawardi (Alboacen) | Political Science, Sociology, Jurisprudence, Ethics. | 972 - 1058 |
Abu Raihan Al-Biruni | Astronomy, Mathematics. (Determined Earth's Circumference) | 973-1048 |
Ibn Sina (Avicenna) | Medicine, Philosophy, Mathematics, Astronomy. | 981 - 1037 |
Al-Zarqali (Arzachel) | Astronomy (Invented Astrolabe). | 1028 - 1087 |
Omar Al-Khayyam | Mathematics, Poetry. | 1044 - 1123 |
Al-Ghazali (Algazel) | Sociology, Theology, Philosophy. | 1058 - 1111 |
Fall of Muslim Toledo (1085), Corsica and Malta (1090), Provence (1050), Sicily (1091) and Jerusalem(1099). Several Crusades. First wave of devastation of Muslim resources, lives, properties, institutions, and infrastructure over a period of one hundred years. Refer to Muslim History. Translators of Scientific Knowledge in the Middle Ages | ||
Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn Yahya (Ibn Bajjah) | Philosophy, Medicine, Mathematics, Astronomy, Poetry, Music. | 1106 - 1138 |
Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar) | Surgery, Medicine. | 1091 - 1161 |
Al-Idrisi (Dreses) | Geography (World Map, First Globe). | 1099 - 1166 |
Ibn Tufayl, Abdubacer | Philosophy, Medicine, Poetry. | 1110 - 1185 |
Ibn Rushd (Averroes) | Philosophy, Law, Medicine, Astronomy, Theology. | 1128 - 1198 |
Al-Bitruji (Alpetragius) | Astronomy | Died 1204 |
Second wave of devastation of Muslim resources, lives, properties, institutions, and infrastructure over a period of one hundred and twelve years. Crusader invasions (1217-1291) and Mongol invasions (1219-1329). Crusaders active throughout the Mediterranean from Jerusalem and west to Muslim Spain. Fall of Muslim Cordoba (1236), Valencia (1238) and Seville (1248). Mongols devastation from the eastern most Muslim frontier, Central and Western Asia, India, Persia to Arab heartland. Fall of Baghdad (1258) and the end of Abbasid Caliphate. Two million Muslims massacred in Baghdad. Major scientific institutions, laboratories, and infrastructure destroyed in leading Muslim centers of civilization. Refer to "A Chronology of Muslim History Parts III, IV." | ||
Pharmacy, Botany | Died 1248 | |
Nasir Al-Din Al-Tusi | Astronomy, Non-Euclidean Geometry. | 1201 - 1274 |
Jalal Al-Din Rumi | Sociology | 1207 - 1273 |
Ibn Al-Nafis Damishqui | Anatomy | 1213 - 1288 |
Al-Fida (Abdulfeda) | Astronomy, Geography, Histrory. | 1273 - 1331 |
Muhammad Ibn Abdullah (Ibn Battuta) | World Traveler. 75,000 mile voyage from Moroccoto China and back. | 1304 - 1369 |
Ibn Khaldun | Sociology, Philosophy of History, Political Science. | 1332 - 1395 |
Ulugh Beg | Astronomy | 1393 - 1449 |
Third wave of devastation of Muslim resources, lives, properties, institutions, and infrastructure. End of Muslim rule in Spain (1492). More than one million volumes of Muslim works on science, arts, philosophy and culture was burnt in the public square of Vivarrambla in Granada. Colonization began in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Refer to "A Chronology of Muslim History Parts IV, V (e.g., 1455, 1494, 1500, 1510, 1524, and 1538)" | ||
Two hundred years before a comparable development elsewhere, Turkish scientist Hazarfen Ahmet Celebi took off from Galata tower and flew over the Bosphorus. Logari Hasan Celebi, another member of the Celebi family, sent the first manned rocket, using 150 okka (about 300 pounds) of gunpowder as the firing fuel. | ||
Tipu, Sultan of Mysore [1783-1799] in the south of India, was the innovator of the world's first war rocket. Two of his rockets, captured by the British at Srirangapatana, are displayed in the Woolwich Museum Artillery in London. The rocket motor casing was made of steel with multiple nozzles. The rocket, 50mm in diameter and 250mm long, had a range performance of 900 meters to 1.5 km. | ||
The dates in the table are converted from the Islamic calendar (A.H.) which begins with Hejira, the migration of Prophet Muhammad (s) from Makkah to Medinah. The calendar is based on lunar monthly cycles. 1 A.H. = 622 C.E.
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